Ĭontrary to the DOI Handbook, CrossRef, a major DOI registration agency, recommends displaying a URL (for example, ) instead of the officially specified format (for example, doi:10.1000/182) This URL is persistent (there is a contract that ensures persistence in the DOI.ORG domain), so it is a PURL – providing the location of an HTTP proxy server which will redirect web accesses to the correct online location of the linked item. The official DOI Handbook explicitly states that DOIs should display on screens and in print in the format doi:10.1000/182. The choice of level of detail is left to the assigner, but in the DOI system it must be declared as part of the metadata that is associated with a DOI name, using a data dictionary based on the indecs Content Model. The names can refer to objects at varying levels of detail: thus DOI names can identify a journal, an individual issue of a journal, an individual article in the journal, or a single table in that article. 182 is the suffix, or item ID, identifying a single object (in this case, the latest version of the DOI Handbook).ĭOI names can identify creative works (such as texts, images, audio or video items, and software) in both electronic and physical forms, performances, and abstract works such as licenses, parties to a transaction, etc. The "10" part of the prefix distinguishes the handle as part of the DOI namespace, as opposed to some other Handle System namespace, and the characters 1000 in the prefix identify the registrant in this case the registrant is the International DOI Foundation itself. įor example, in the DOI name 10.1000/182, the prefix is 10.1000 and the suffix is 182. The prefix may be further subdivided with periods, like 10.NNNN.N. The prefix usually takes the form 10.NNNN, where NNNN is at least a four digit number greater than or equal to 1000, whose limit depends only on the total number of registrants. Most legal Unicode characters are allowed in these strings, which are interpreted in a case-insensitive manner. The prefix identifies the registrant of the identifier and the suffix is chosen by the registrant and identifies the specific object associated with that DOI. 4 Comparison with other identifier schemesĪ DOI is a type of Handle System handle, which takes the form of a character string divided into two parts, a prefix and a suffix, separated by a slash.By late April 2011 more than 50 million DOI names had been assigned by some 4,000 organizations, and by April 2013 this number had grown to 85 million DOI names assigned through 9,500 organizations. The DOI system is implemented through a federation of registration agencies coordinated by the IDF. Organizations that meet the contractual obligations of the DOI system and are willing to pay to become a member of the system can assign DOIs. The developer and administrator of the DOI system is the International DOI Foundation (IDF), which introduced it in 2000. If they fail to do so, the DOI resolves to a dead link leaving the DOI useless. It is the publisher's responsibility to update the DOI database. But if its URL changes, the publisher must update the metadata for the DOI to maintain the link to the URL. Referring to an online document by its DOI should provide a more stable link than directly using its URL. ![]() The DOI for a document remains fixed over the lifetime of the document, whereas its location and other metadata may change. The DOI system uses the indecs Content Model for representing metadata. Thus, by being actionable and interoperable, a DOI differs from ISBNs or ISRCs which are identifiers only. This is achieved by binding the DOI to metadata about the object, such as a URL where the object is located. DOIs have also been used to identify other types of information resources, such as commercial videos.Ī DOI aims to resolve to its target, the information object to which the DOI refers. They are widely used to identify academic, professional, and government information, such as journal articles, research reports, data sets, and official publications. DOIs are an implementation of the Handle System they also fit within the URI system ( Uniform Resource Identifier). For the use of digital object identifiers on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Digital Object Identifier.Ī digital object identifier ( DOI) is a persistent identifier or handle used to uniquely identify various objects, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
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